Hydnoid Fungus
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The hydnoid fungi are a group of
fungi A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from ...
in the
Basidiomycota Basidiomycota () is one of two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya (often referred to as the "higher fungi") within the kingdom Fungi. Members are known as basidiomycetes. More specifically, Basi ...
with
basidiocarps In fungi, a basidiocarp, basidiome, or basidioma () is the sporocarp (fungi), sporocarp of a basidiomycota, basidiomycete, the Multicellular organism, multicellular structure on which the spore-producing hymenium is borne. Basidiocarps are chara ...
(fruit bodies) producing
spores In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, f ...
on pendant, tooth-like or spine-like projections. They are colloquially called tooth fungi. Originally such fungi were referred to the
genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
''
Hydnum ''Hydnum'' is a genus of fungi in the family Hydnaceae. They are notable for their unusual spore-bearing structures of teeth rather than gills. The best known are the edible species ''Hydnum repandum'' and '' H. rufescens''. There are no known t ...
'' ("hydnoid" means ''Hydnum''-like), but it is now known that not all hydnoid species are closely related.


History

''Hydnum'' was one of the original genera created by
Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...
in his ''Species Plantarum'' of 1753. It contained all species of fungi with fruit bodies bearing pendant, tooth-like projections. Subsequent authors described around 900 species in the genus. With increasing use of the microscope, it became clear that not all tooth fungi were closely related and most ''Hydnum'' species were gradually moved to other genera. The Dutch
mycologist Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungus, fungi, including their genetics, genetic and biochemistry, biochemical properties, their Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy and ethnomycology, their use to humans, including as a so ...
Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus Rudolf Arnold Maas Geesteranus (20 January 1911 in The Hague – May 18, 2003 in Oegstgeest), was a Dutch mycologist Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their ...
paid particular attention to the group, producing a series of papers reviewing the
taxonomy Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...
of hydnoid fungi. The original genus ''Hydnum'' is still current, but is now restricted to the
type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...
, ''
Hydnum repandum ''Hydnum repandum'', commonly known as the sweet tooth, wood hedgehog or hedgehog mushroom, is a basidiomycete fungus of the family Hydnaceae. First described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, it is the type species of the genus '' Hydnum''. The fun ...
'', and its relatives in the order
Cantharellales The Cantharellales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. The order includes not only the chanterelles (Cantharellaceae), but also some of the tooth fungi (Hydnaceae), clavarioid fungi ( Aphelariaceae and Clavulinaceae), and cortici ...
. Other species originally described in ''Hydnum'' have been reassigned to various genera in various orders including the
Agaricales The fungal order Agaricales, also known as gilled mushrooms (for their distinctive gills) or euagarics, contains some of the most familiar types of mushrooms. The order has 33 extant families, 413 genera, and over 13,000 described species, alo ...
,
Auriculariales The Auriculariales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. Species within the order were formerly referred to the "heterobasidiomycetes" or "jelly fungi", since many have gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that produce spores on ...
,
Gomphales The Gomphales are an order of basidiomycete fungi. Some or all families belonging to Gomphales have been sometimes included in the order Phallales (and ''vice versa'' - they are also sometimes treated as synonyms), the now-obsolete Ramariaceae ...
,
Hymenochaetales The Hymenochaetales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. The order in its current sense is based on molecular research and not on any unifying morphological characteristics. According to one 2008 estimate, the Hymenochaetales con ...
,
Polyporales The Polyporales are an order of about 1800 species of fungi in the division Basidiomycota. The order includes some (but not all) polypores as well as many corticioid fungi and a few agarics (mainly in the genus ''Lentinus''). Many species withi ...
,
Russulales The Russulales are an order (biology), order of the Agaricomycetes, (which include the agaric genera ''Russula'' and ''Lactarius (fungus), Lactarius'' and their polypore, polyporoid and corticioid relatives). According to the ''Dictionary of the ...
,
Thelephorales The Thelephorales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. The order includes corticioid and hydnoid fungi, together with a few polypores and clavarioid species. Most fungi within the Thelephorales are ectomycorrhizal. None is of any ...
and
Trechisporales The Hydnodontaceae are a family of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. According to a 2008 estimate, the family contains 15 genera and 105 species. It is the only family in the order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the p ...
.


Description and genera

The fruit bodies of hydnoid fungi are diverse, but all produce their spores on the surface of pendant, tooth-like or spine-like projections.


Stipitate hydnoid fungi

Some terrestrial species producing fruit bodies with a pileus (cap) and stipe (stem) are collectively known as the stipitate hydnoid fungi and are often studied as a group because of their ecological similarity. The species concerned are now referred to the genera '' Bankera'', '' Hydnellum'', ''
Phellodon ''Phellodon'' is a genus of tooth fungi in the family Bankeraceae. Species have small- to medium-sized fruitbodies with white spines on the underside from which spores are released. All ''Phellodon'' have a short stalk or stipe, and so the g ...
'', and ''
Sarcodon ''Sarcodon'' is a genus of fungi in the family Bankeraceae, which is part of the order Thelephorales The Thelephorales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. The order includes corticioid and hydnoid fungi, together with a few ...
''. All are
ectomycorrhizal An ectomycorrhiza (from Greek ἐκτός ', "outside", μύκης ', "fungus", and ῥίζα ', "root"; pl. ectomycorrhizas or ectomycorrhizae, abbreviated EcM) is a form of symbiotic relationship that occurs between a fungal symbiont, or mycobi ...
, belong in the
Thelephorales The Thelephorales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. The order includes corticioid and hydnoid fungi, together with a few polypores and clavarioid species. Most fungi within the Thelephorales are ectomycorrhizal. None is of any ...
, and are considered to be
indicator species A bioindicator is any species (an indicator species) or group of species whose function, population, or status can reveal the qualitative status of the environment. The most common indicator species are animals. For example, copepods and other sma ...
of old, species-rich forests. In Europe, at least, many are of conservation concern and feature on national or regional red lists of threatened fungal species. In the United Kingdom the stipitate hydnoid fungi have been given Biodiversity Action Plan status which has increased interest in the group and has generated funding to be put into survey work and other research. Species of ''
Hydnum ''Hydnum'' is a genus of fungi in the family Hydnaceae. They are notable for their unusual spore-bearing structures of teeth rather than gills. The best known are the edible species ''Hydnum repandum'' and '' H. rufescens''. There are no known t ...
'' and the related ''Sistotrema confluens'' (
Cantharellales The Cantharellales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. The order includes not only the chanterelles (Cantharellaceae), but also some of the tooth fungi (Hydnaceae), clavarioid fungi ( Aphelariaceae and Clavulinaceae), and cortici ...
) are also mycorrhizal, but have different ecological requirements. Other stipitate hydnoid fungi are wood decomposing, such as some species of '' Beenakia'' (Gomphales), ''
Climacodon ''Climacodon'' is a widespread genus of tooth fungi in the family Phanerochaetaceae. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by Finnish mycologist Petter Karsten in 1881 with ''Climacodon septentrionalis'' as the type species. This fungus was orig ...
'' (Polyporales) and Mycorrhaphium (Polyporales).


Resupinate hydnoid fungi

The largest group of fungi formerly placed in the genus ''Hydnum'' are wood-rotting species, forming patch-like fruit bodies on dead attached branches, logs, stumps, and fallen wood. Species with small "teeth" (just a millimetre or so long) are sometimes described as "odontioid" (tooth-like). Species that form resupinate (effused) fruiting bodies are also considered part of the
corticioid fungi The corticioid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota typically having effused, smooth basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that are formed on the undersides of dead tree trunks or branches. They are sometimes colloquially called crust fungi or pa ...
. Genera that have hydnoid or odontioid representatives include ''
Hydnochaete ''Hydnochaete'' is a genus of hydnoid fungi in the family Hymenochaetaceae, order Hymenochaetales. All species are wood-rotting and produce brown to gray effused fruiting bodies. The genus is very close to Hymenochaete ''Hymenochaete'' is a ge ...
'', ''
Hyphodontia ''Hyphodontia'' is a genus of fungi in the family Hymenochaetaceae (Schizoporaceae in Index Fungorum ''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal names (scientific names) in the fungus kingdom. the project is based at t ...
'' and ''
Odonticium ''Odonticium'' is a genus of fungi belonging to the family Rickenellaceae. The genus was first described by Erast Parmasto in 1968. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. Species: * ''Odonticium romellii'' (S.Lundell) Parmasto References

'' (Hymenochaetales), ''
Dentipellis ''Dentipratulum'' is a genus of fungi in the family Hericiaceae. It was circumscribed by Dutch mycologist Marinus Anton Donk in 1962. Species in the genus have membranous fruit bodies that are either completely resupinate Resupination is deriv ...
'' (Russulales), '' Dentocorticium'', ''
Mycoacia ''Mycoacia'' is a genus of toothed crust fungi in the family Meruliaceae. It was circumscribed by Dutch mycologist Marinus Anton Donk in 1931. Species , Index Fungorum ''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal name ...
'', ''
Radulodon ''Radulodon'' is a genus of hydnoid fungus, toothed crust fungi in the family Meruliaceae. The genus was circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed in 1972 by Norwegian mycologist Leif Ryvarden, with ''Radulodon americanus, R. americanus'' as ...
'', '' Steccherinum'' (Polyporales) and ''
Sarcodontia ''Sarcodontia'' is a genus of hydnoid fungi, toothed fungi in the family Meruliaceae. It was circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed by Hungarian–Croatian mycologist Stephan Schulzer von Müggenburg in 1866, with ''Sarcodontia mali'' as the t ...
''.


Additional hydnoid fungi

Other hydnoid fungi include a group of conspicuous, wood-rotting species with long spines belonging to the genus ''
Hericium ''Hericium'' is a genus of edible mushrooms in the family Hericiaceae. Species in this genus are white and fleshy and grow on dead or dying wood; fruiting bodies resemble a mass of fragile icicle-like spines that are suspended from either a bran ...
'' (Russulales), often referred to as "tooth fungi".Pegler DN et al. (1997). ''British chanterelles and tooth fungi''. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. . The ear-pick fungus and other species of ''
Auriscalpium ''Auriscalpium'' is a genus of mushrooms typifying the family Auriscalpiaceae. Etymology ''Auriscalpium'' is a compound of the Latin, ''auris'', "ear"; and ''scalpo'', "I scratch", generally meaning ear pick. The term was originally applied ...
'' (Russulales) are hydnoid, as is the odd
jelly fungus Jelly fungi are a paraphyletic group of several heterobasidiomycete fungal orders from different classes of the subphylum Agaricomycotina: Tremellales, Dacrymycetales, Auriculariales and Sebacinales. These fungi are so named because their foli ...
''
Pseudohydnum gelatinosum ''Pseudohydnum gelatinosum'' is a species of fungus in the order Auriculariales The Auriculariales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. Species within the order were formerly referred to the " heterobasidiomycetes" or "jelly fun ...
'' (Auriculariales). The distinction between
polypore Polypores are a group of fungi that form large fruiting bodies with pores or tubes on the underside (see Delimitation for exceptions). They are a morphological group of basidiomycetes-like gilled mushrooms and hydnoid fungi, and not all polypor ...
s and hydnoid fungi is not always clear—irregular, split pores can also be interpreted as teeth. Consequently, some species are considered hydnoid or poroid depending on the context (e.g. '' Irpex lacteus''). File:Hydnellum ferrugineum 59267.jpg, The Mealy Tooth, '' Hydnellum ferrugineum'' File:Hydnochaete olivacea.jpg, Dentate hymenophore of ''Hydnochaete olivacea'' File:Irpex lacteus.jpg, Hydnoid-poroid hymenophore of '' Irpex lacteus'' File:Hericium americanum 59265.jpg, The Bear's Head Tooth Fungus, '' Hericium americanum''


References

{{reflist


External links


Scottish stipitate hydnoid brochure


at AmericanMushrooms.com

Basidiomycota Mushroom types